Cohort characteristics (n=13 631)
| Variable | Distribution |
| Continuous variables | Mean (SD) |
| Age | 52.9 (17.4) |
| Body mass index (BMI) | 27.1 (5.8) |
| Missing BMI values | 1553 (11.4) * |
| Charlson’s comorbidity index | 0.9 (1.4) |
| Index of multiple deprivation | 3.1 (1.41) |
| Number of prescriptions± | 45.8 (57) |
| Number of consultations± | 12.1 (10.1) |
| Number of hospitalisations± | 0.1 (0.5) |
| Categorical variables | n (%) |
| Male sex | 6869 (50.4) |
| Smoking status | |
| Non-smoker | 7225 (53) |
| Current smoker | 1546 (11.3) |
| Ex-smoker | 4623 (33.9) |
| Missing | 237 (1.7) |
| Alcohol consumption (units/week): | |
| Non-drinker | 1972 (14.5) |
| Low drinker (1–14) | 7173 (52.6) |
| Moderate (15–21) | 723 (5.3) |
| Hazardous (>21) | 757 (5.6) |
| Former drinker | 803 (5.9) |
| Missing | 2203 (16.2) |
| Nursing Home resident | 86 (0.6) |
| Previous influenza vaccination | 6835 (50.1) |
| Previous pneumococcal vaccination | 5228 (38.4) |
| Diabetes | 1232 (9.0) |
| Immunosuppression | 200 (1.5) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 927 (6.8) |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 2746 (20.2) |
| Chronic heart disease | 586 (4.3) |
*Number(percent).